Understanding Diabetes: Causes, Types, Symptoms, and Treatment

What is Diabetes? Diabetes is a chronic condition caused by a dysfunction in the hormone insulin. Under normal conditions, the human body requires insulin to transport glucose from the bloodstream to various organs, especially the brain and muscles. When insulin levels are insufficient or when the body's organs become resistant to insulin (a condition known as insulin resistance), glucose cannot be efficiently utilized, resulting in high levels of sugar remaining in the bloodstream.

How Diabetes Develops The condition arises when blood glucose levels become elevated to a point where the kidneys can no longer reabsorb all the sugar. Normally, the kidneys reabsorb glucose filtered through the nephrons, but when blood sugar is too high, excess glucose leaks into the urine—hence the name "diabetes mellitus," which refers to the presence of sugar in the urine. If left untreated, this condition can lead to serious complications over time.

Types of Diabetes

• Type 1 Diabetes: Caused by the immune system attacking insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, leading to insulin deficiency.
• Type 2 Diabetes: Results from decreased insulin production combined with insulin resistance. It is often hereditary.
• Special Types of Diabetes: May be caused by congenital abnormalities of the pancreas or insulin function.
• Gestational Diabetes: Occurs during pregnancy and typically resolves after childbirth, but increases the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life.

Warning Signs of Diabetes

• Frequent urination
• Increased urination at night
• Excessive thirst
• Unexplained weight loss
• Symptoms of heart or kidney disease
• Numbness in hands and feet
• Fatigue or weakness
• Blurred vision
• Increased hunger
• Frequent infections, such as skin infections

Diabetes Treatment

Effective management of diabetes requires collaboration among doctors, nurses, nutritionists, and most importantly, the patient. Diabetes is a lifelong condition that cannot be cured but can be controlled. With proper management, individuals with diabetes can lead normal lives, perform daily activities, and maintain employment.

Treatment Methods Include:

1. Dietary Control

This is a fundamental component of diabetes management. Patients are encouraged to consume unlimited amounts of green leafy vegetables, lean meats, and egg whites. Fruits should be consumed in moderation, especially low-sugar options such as guava, rose apple, and dragon fruit.

2. Exercise

Regular physical activity enhances the effectiveness of insulin. Aerobic exercises such as jogging, swimming, and cycling are recommended for at least 150 minutes per week. Resistance training, such as weightlifting, should be done for at least 45 minutes, twice a week. Avoid sedentary behavior for more than 90 minutes at a time.

3. Medication

The choice of medication depends on the type and severity of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is treated with insulin injections. For Type 2 diabetes, the doctor considers the patient's condition, risk of low blood sugar, potential complications, and financial status when selecting appropriate medications.

With proper care, regular monitoring, and lifestyle changes, diabetes can be managed effectively, reducing the risk of severe complications.